OpenStack Authentication in Prowler

Prowler currently supports public cloud OpenStack providers (OVH, Infomaniak, Vexxhost, etc.). Support for self-deployed OpenStack environments is not yet available and will be added in future releases.

This guide shows how to obtain OpenStack credentials and configure Prowler to scan your OpenStack infrastructure using the recommended clouds.yaml authentication method.

Quick Start: Getting Your OpenStack Credentials

OVH
Generic Public Cloud

Step 1: Create an OpenStack User with Reader Role

Before using Prowler, create a dedicated user in your OVH Public Cloud account:

Log into the OVH Control Panel
Navigate to “Public Cloud” → Select your project
Click “Users & Roles” in the left sidebar
Click “Add User”
Enter a user description (e.g., Prowler Audit User)
Assign the “Infrastructure Supervisor” role (this is the reader role) or specific read-only operator roles (if needed to audit only specific services)
Click “Generate” to create the user
Copy the password and store it securely

Avoid using administrator or member roles for security auditing. Reader or operator roles provide sufficient access for Prowler while maintaining security best practices.

Step 2: Access the Horizon Dashboard

From the OVH Control Panel, go to “Public Cloud” → Your project
Click “Horizon” in the left sidebar (or access the Horizon URL provided by OVH)
Log in with the user credentials created in Step 1. Ensure the correct user is selected; logging in with the root user will download root user credentials. If the wrong user is logged in, log out and log in again with the correct user.

Step 3: Navigate to API Access

Once logged into Horizon:

In the left sidebar, click “Project”
Navigate to “API Access”
You’ll see the API Access page with information about your OpenStack endpoints

Step 4: Download the clouds.yaml File

The clouds.yaml file contains all necessary credentials in the correct format for Prowler:

On the API Access page, look for the “Download OpenStack RC File” dropdown button
Click the dropdown and select “OpenStack clouds.yaml File”
The file will be downloaded to your computer

The clouds.yaml file contains your password in plain text. Ensure you store it securely with appropriate file permissions (see Security Best Practices below).

Step 5: Configure clouds.yaml for Prowler

Save the file to the default OpenStack configuration directory:

# Create the directory if it doesn't exist
mkdir -p ~/.config/openstack

# Move or copy the downloaded clouds.yaml file
mv ~/Downloads/clouds.yaml ~/.config/openstack/clouds.yaml

# Set secure file permissions
chmod 600 ~/.config/openstack/clouds.yaml

The downloaded file will look similar to this:

clouds:
  openstack:
    auth:
      auth_url: https://auth.cloud.ovh.net/v3
      username: user-xxxxxxxxxx
      password: your-password-here
      project_id: your-project-id
      project_name: your-project-name
      user_domain_name: Default
      project_domain_name: Default
    region_name: GRA7
    interface: public
    identity_api_version: 3

You can customize the cloud name (e.g., change openstack to ovh-production):

clouds:
  ovh-production:
    auth:
      auth_url: https://auth.cloud.ovh.net/v3
      username: user-xxxxxxxxxx
      password: your-password-here
      project_id: your-project-id
      user_domain_name: Default
      project_domain_name: Default
    region_name: GRA7
    identity_api_version: "3"

Alternatively, save the file to a custom location and specify the path when running Prowler:

# Save the clouds.yaml file to a custom location
mv ~/Downloads/clouds.yaml /path/to/my/clouds.yaml

# Set secure file permissions
chmod 600 /path/to/my/clouds.yaml

Step 6: Run Prowler

Now you can scan your OVH OpenStack infrastructure:Using the default location:

prowler openstack --clouds-yaml-cloud openstack

Or if you customized the cloud name:

prowler openstack --clouds-yaml-cloud ovh-production

Using a custom location:

prowler openstack --clouds-yaml-file /path/to/my/clouds.yaml --clouds-yaml-cloud openstack

Prowler will authenticate with your OVH OpenStack cloud and begin scanning.

Step 1: Create an OpenStack User with Reader Role

Before using Prowler, create a dedicated user in your OpenStack public cloud account. The exact steps vary by provider (Infomaniak, Vexxhost, Fuga Cloud, etc.), but the general process is:

Log into your provider’s control panel or management interface
Navigate to your OpenStack project or account settings
Find the user management section (typically named “Users”, “Users & Roles”, or “Access Management”)
Create a new user (e.g., prowler-audit)
Assign the Reader role or equivalent read-only role to the user:
- Reader: Standard read-only access to all resources
- Viewer: Alternative read-only role (in some deployments)
- Avoid Member or Admin roles for security auditing
Save the credentials (username and password) securely

Avoid using administrator or member roles for security auditing. Reader or Viewer roles provide sufficient access for Prowler while maintaining security best practices.

Consult the provider’s documentation for specific instructions on creating users and assigning roles. Consider contributing by opening an issue or pull request with instructions for additional providers.

Step 2: Access the Horizon Dashboard

Horizon is the standard OpenStack web interface available across all OpenStack providers:

Find the Horizon dashboard link in your provider’s control panel
- Look for “OpenStack Dashboard”, “Horizon”, “Web Console”, or similar
Access the Horizon URL (typically https://your-provider-domain/horizon or similar)
Log in with the user credentials created in Step 1

The Horizon dashboard interface is standardized across OpenStack providers, though branding and colors may vary. The navigation and functionality remain consistent.

Step 3: Navigate to API Access

Once logged into Horizon:

In the left sidebar, click “Project”
Navigate to “API Access”
You’ll see the API Access page with information about your OpenStack endpoints

Step 4: Download the clouds.yaml File

The clouds.yaml file contains all necessary credentials in the correct format for Prowler:

On the API Access page, look for the “Download OpenStack RC File” dropdown button
Click the dropdown and select “OpenStack clouds.yaml File”
The file will be downloaded to your computer

The clouds.yaml file contains your password in plain text. Ensure you store it securely with appropriate file permissions (see Security Best Practices below).

Step 5: Configure clouds.yaml for Prowler

Save the file to the default OpenStack configuration directory:

# Create the directory if it doesn't exist
mkdir -p ~/.config/openstack

# Move or copy the downloaded clouds.yaml file
mv ~/Downloads/clouds.yaml ~/.config/openstack/clouds.yaml

# Set secure file permissions
chmod 600 ~/.config/openstack/clouds.yaml

The downloaded file will look similar to this (values will vary by provider):

clouds:
  openstack:
    auth:
      auth_url: https://auth.example-cloud.com:5000/v3
      username: user-xxxxxxxxxx
      password: your-password-here
      project_id: your-project-id
      project_name: your-project-name
      user_domain_name: Default
      project_domain_name: Default
    region_name: RegionOne
    interface: public
    identity_api_version: 3

You can customize the cloud name (e.g., change openstack to infomaniak-production):

clouds:
  infomaniak-production:
    auth:
      auth_url: https://api.pub1.infomaniak.cloud/identity/v3
      username: user-xxxxxxxxxx
      password: your-password-here
      project_id: your-project-id
      user_domain_name: Default
      project_domain_name: Default
    region_name: dc3-a
    identity_api_version: "3"

Alternatively, save the file to a custom location and specify the path when running Prowler:

# Save the clouds.yaml file to a custom location
mv ~/Downloads/clouds.yaml /path/to/my/clouds.yaml

# Set secure file permissions
chmod 600 /path/to/my/clouds.yaml

Step 6: Run Prowler

Now you can scan your OpenStack infrastructure:Using the default location:

prowler openstack --clouds-yaml-cloud openstack

Or if you customized the cloud name:

prowler openstack --clouds-yaml-cloud infomaniak-production

Using a custom location:

prowler openstack --clouds-yaml-file /path/to/my/clouds.yaml --clouds-yaml-cloud openstack

Prowler will authenticate with your OpenStack cloud and begin scanning.

Managing Multiple OpenStack Environments

To scan multiple OpenStack projects or providers, add multiple cloud configurations to your clouds.yaml:

clouds:
  ovh-production:
    auth:
      auth_url: https://auth.cloud.ovh.net/v3
      username: user-prod
      password: prod-password
      project_id: prod-project-id
      user_domain_name: Default
      project_domain_name: Default
    region_name: GRA7
    identity_api_version: "3"

  ovh-staging:
    auth:
      auth_url: https://auth.cloud.ovh.net/v3
      username: user-staging
      password: staging-password
      project_id: staging-project-id
      user_domain_name: Default
      project_domain_name: Default
    region_name: SBG5
    identity_api_version: "3"

  infomaniak-production:
    auth:
      auth_url: https://api.pub1.infomaniak.cloud/identity/v3
      username: infomaniak-user
      password: infomaniak-password
      project_id: infomaniak-project-id
      user_domain_name: Default
      project_domain_name: Default
    region_name: dc3-a
    identity_api_version: "3"

Then scan each environment separately:

prowler openstack --clouds-yaml-cloud ovh-production --output-directory ./reports/ovh-prod/
prowler openstack --clouds-yaml-cloud ovh-staging --output-directory ./reports/ovh-staging/
prowler openstack --clouds-yaml-cloud infomaniak-production --output-directory ./reports/infomaniak/

Creating a User With Reader Role

For security auditing, Prowler only needs read-only access to your OpenStack resources.

Understanding OpenStack Roles

OpenStack uses a role-based access control (RBAC) system. Common read-only roles include:

Role	Access Level	Recommended for Prowler
Reader	Read-only access to all resources	✅ Recommended
Viewer	Read-only access (older deployments)	✅ Recommended
Compute/Network/ObjectStore Operator	Service-specific read-only access	✅ Recommended (OVH)
Member	Read and limited write access	⚠️ Too permissive
Admin	Full administrative access	❌ Not recommended

Avoid using administrator or member roles for security auditing. Reader or Viewer roles provide sufficient access for Prowler while maintaining security best practices.

How to Assign the Reader Role

The process for creating a user with the Reader role is covered in the Quick Start section above. Select your provider’s tab (OVH or Generic Public Cloud) for detailed instructions.

Verifying Read-Only Access

After assigning read-only roles, verify the user cannot make changes:

Log into Horizon with the Prowler user credentials
Attempt to create or modify a resource (e.g., create an instance)
The action should be denied or the UI should show read-only mode

Some OpenStack deployments may use custom role names. Consult your OpenStack administrator to identify the appropriate read-only role for your environment.

Alternative Authentication Methods

While clouds.yaml is the recommended method, Prowler also supports these alternatives:

Environment Variables

Set OpenStack credentials as environment variables:

export OS_AUTH_URL="https://openstack.example.com:5000/v3"
export OS_USERNAME="prowler-audit"
export OS_PASSWORD="your-secure-password"
export OS_PROJECT_ID="your-project-id"
export OS_REGION_NAME="RegionOne"
export OS_IDENTITY_API_VERSION="3"
export OS_USER_DOMAIN_NAME="Default"
export OS_PROJECT_DOMAIN_NAME="Default"

Then run Prowler:

prowler openstack

Command-Line Arguments (Flags)

Pass credentials directly via CLI flags:

prowler openstack \
  --os-auth-url https://openstack.example.com:5000/v3 \
  --os-username prowler-audit \
  --os-password your-secure-password \
  --os-project-id your-project-id \
  --os-user-domain-name Default \
  --os-project-domain-name Default \
  --os-identity-api-version 3

Avoid passing passwords via command-line arguments in production environments. Commands may appear in shell history, process listings, or logs. Use clouds.yaml or environment variables instead.

Authentication Priority

When multiple authentication methods are configured, Prowler uses this priority order:

clouds.yaml (if --clouds-yaml-file or --clouds-yaml-cloud is provided)
Command-line arguments + Environment variables (CLI arguments override environment variables)

Security Best Practices

File Permissions

Protect your clouds.yaml file from unauthorized access:

# Set read/write for owner only
chmod 600 ~/.config/openstack/clouds.yaml

# Verify permissions
ls -la ~/.config/openstack/clouds.yaml
# Should show: -rw------- (600)

Credential Management

Use dedicated audit users: Create separate OpenStack users specifically for Prowler audits
Use read-only roles: Assign only Reader or Viewer roles to limit access
Rotate credentials regularly: Change passwords and regenerate credentials periodically
Use Application Credentials: For advanced setups, use OpenStack Application Credentials with scoped permissions and expiration dates
Avoid hardcoding passwords: Never commit clouds.yaml files with passwords to version control
Use secrets managers: For production environments, consider using tools like HashiCorp Vault or AWS Secrets Manager to store credentials

Network Security

Use HTTPS: Always connect to OpenStack endpoints via HTTPS
Verify SSL certificates: Avoid using --insecure flag in production
Restrict network access: Use firewall rules to limit access to OpenStack APIs
Use VPN or private networks: When possible, run Prowler from within your private network

Troubleshooting

”Missing mandatory OpenStack environment variables” Error

This error occurs when required credentials are not configured:

# Check current environment variables
env | grep OS_

# Verify clouds.yaml exists and is readable
cat ~/.config/openstack/clouds.yaml

Solution: Ensure all required credentials are configured using one of the authentication methods above.

”Failed to create OpenStack connection” Error

This error indicates authentication failure. Verify:

✅ Auth URL is correct and accessible: curl -k https://auth-url/v3
✅ Username and password are correct
✅ Project ID exists and you have access
✅ Network connectivity to the OpenStack endpoint
✅ SSL/TLS certificates are valid

Solution: Test authentication using the OpenStack CLI:

openstack --os-cloud openstack server list

If this fails, your credentials or network connectivity need attention.

”Cloud ‘name’ not found in clouds.yaml” Error

This error occurs when the specified cloud name doesn’t exist in clouds.yaml: Solution:

Verify the cloud name matches exactly (case-sensitive)
Check your clouds.yaml file for the correct cloud name:
```
cat ~/.config/openstack/clouds.yaml
```
Ensure proper YAML syntax (use a YAML validator if needed)

Permission Denied Errors

If specific checks fail due to insufficient permissions:

Verify role assignments:

openstack role assignment list --user prowler-audit --project your-project

Ensure the user has Reader or Viewer roles
Check if specific services require additional permissions (consult your OpenStack administrator)

Using Public Cloud credentials can limit Keystone API access, so the command above may not work. Verify permissions in the provider’s control panel instead.

Prowler Cloud/App

CLI

Providers

Compliance

Quick Start: Getting Your OpenStack Credentials

Step 1: Create an OpenStack User with Reader Role

Step 2: Access the Horizon Dashboard

Step 3: Navigate to API Access

Step 4: Download the clouds.yaml File

Step 5: Configure clouds.yaml for Prowler

Step 6: Run Prowler

Step 1: Create an OpenStack User with Reader Role

Step 2: Access the Horizon Dashboard

Step 3: Navigate to API Access

Step 4: Download the clouds.yaml File

Step 5: Configure clouds.yaml for Prowler

Step 6: Run Prowler

Managing Multiple OpenStack Environments

Creating a User With Reader Role

Understanding OpenStack Roles

How to Assign the Reader Role

Verifying Read-Only Access

Alternative Authentication Methods

Environment Variables

Command-Line Arguments (Flags)

Authentication Priority

Security Best Practices

File Permissions

Credential Management

Network Security

Troubleshooting

”Missing mandatory OpenStack environment variables” Error

”Failed to create OpenStack connection” Error

”Cloud ‘name’ not found in clouds.yaml” Error

Permission Denied Errors

Next Steps

Additional Resources

Provider-Specific Documentation

OpenStack References

Prowler Cloud/App

CLI

Providers

Compliance

​Quick Start: Getting Your OpenStack Credentials

​Step 1: Create an OpenStack User with Reader Role

​Step 2: Access the Horizon Dashboard

​Step 3: Navigate to API Access

​Step 4: Download the clouds.yaml File

​Step 5: Configure clouds.yaml for Prowler

​Step 6: Run Prowler

​Step 1: Create an OpenStack User with Reader Role

​Step 2: Access the Horizon Dashboard

​Step 3: Navigate to API Access

​Step 4: Download the clouds.yaml File

​Step 5: Configure clouds.yaml for Prowler

​Step 6: Run Prowler

​Managing Multiple OpenStack Environments

​Creating a User With Reader Role

​Understanding OpenStack Roles

​How to Assign the Reader Role

​Verifying Read-Only Access

​Alternative Authentication Methods

​Environment Variables

​Command-Line Arguments (Flags)

​Authentication Priority

​Security Best Practices

​File Permissions

​Credential Management

​Network Security

​Troubleshooting

​”Missing mandatory OpenStack environment variables” Error

​”Failed to create OpenStack connection” Error

​”Cloud ‘name’ not found in clouds.yaml” Error

​Permission Denied Errors

​Next Steps

​Additional Resources

​Provider-Specific Documentation

​OpenStack References

Quick Start: Getting Your OpenStack Credentials

Step 1: Create an OpenStack User with Reader Role

Step 2: Access the Horizon Dashboard

Step 3: Navigate to API Access

Step 4: Download the clouds.yaml File

Step 5: Configure clouds.yaml for Prowler

Step 6: Run Prowler

Step 1: Create an OpenStack User with Reader Role

Step 2: Access the Horizon Dashboard

Step 3: Navigate to API Access

Step 4: Download the clouds.yaml File

Step 5: Configure clouds.yaml for Prowler

Step 6: Run Prowler

Managing Multiple OpenStack Environments

Creating a User With Reader Role

Understanding OpenStack Roles

How to Assign the Reader Role

Verifying Read-Only Access

Alternative Authentication Methods

Environment Variables

Command-Line Arguments (Flags)

Authentication Priority

Security Best Practices

File Permissions

Credential Management

Network Security

Troubleshooting

”Missing mandatory OpenStack environment variables” Error

”Failed to create OpenStack connection” Error

”Cloud ‘name’ not found in clouds.yaml” Error

Permission Denied Errors

Next Steps

Additional Resources

Provider-Specific Documentation

OpenStack References